James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. His most significant achievement was formulating a set of equations — eponymically nam named Maxwell's equations — that for the first time expressed the basic laws of electricity and magnetism in a unified fashion. He also developed the Maxwell distribution, a statistical means to describe aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. These two discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for future work in such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics. He is also known for creating the first true colour photograph in 1861.
The majority of Maxwell's illustrious career took place at the University of Cambridge, where his investigations often made use of his mathematical aptitude, drawing on elements of geometry and algebra. With these skills, Maxwell was able to demonstrate that electric and magnetic fields travel through space, in the form of waves, and at the constant speed of light. Finally, in 1861 Maxwell wrote a four-part publication in the Philosophical Magazine called On Physical Lines of Force where he first proposed that light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena.

Maxwell is considered by many, especially those within the field of physics, to be the scientist of the nineteenth century most influential on twentieth century physics. His contributions to physics are considered by many to be of the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. In 1931, on the centennial anniversary of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein described Maxwell's work as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton."

named Maxwell's equations — that for the first time expressed the basic laws of electricity and magnetism in a unified fashion. He also developed the Maxwell distribution, a statistical means to describe aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. These two discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for future work in such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics. He is also known for creating the first true colour photograph in 1861.
The majority of Maxwell's illustrious career took place at the University of Cambridge, where his investigations often made use of his mathematical aptitude, drawing on elements of geometry and algebra. With these skills, Maxwell was able to demonstrate that electric and magnetic fields travel through space, in the form of waves, and at the constant speed of light. Finally, in 1861 Maxwell wrote a four-part publication in the Philosophical Magazine called On Physical Lines of Force where he first proposed that light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena.

Maxwell is considered by many, especially those within the field of physics, to be the scientist of the nineteenth century most influential on twentieth century physics. His contributions to physics are considered by many to be of the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. In 1931, on the centennial anniversary of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein described Maxwell's work as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton."

Louis Ducos du Hauron (December 8, 1837 – August 31, 1920) was a French pioneer of color photography. He was born in Langon, Gironde and he died in Agen.

In the years following his unpublished paper of 1862 he set out practical ways of recording colour images using both additive (red, green, blue) and subtractive (cyan, magenta, yellow) methods. In 1868 he patented some of his methods and in 1869 he wrote Les Couleurs en Photographie. One of his earliest color photographs is the Landscape of Southern France, taken by the subtractive method in 1877

paper of 1862 he set out practical ways of recording colour images using both additive (red, green, blue) and subtractive (cyan, magenta, yellow) methods. In 1868 he patented some of his methods and in 1869 he wrote Les Couleurs en Photographie. One of his earliest color photographs is the Landscape of Southern France, taken by the subtractive method in 1877

Charles Cros (October 1, 1842 - August 9, 1888) was a French poet and inventor. He was born in Fabrezan, Aude, France.

Cros was a well-regarded poet and humorous writer. He developed various improved methods of photography including an early color photo process. He also invented improvements in telegraph technology.

He is perhaps most famous as the man who almost, but not quite, invented the phonograph. No one before M. Charles Cros had thought of reproducing sound by making an apparatus capable of registering and reproducing sounds which had been engraved with a diagraphm. The inventor gave the name of Paleophone (voix du passé) to his invention. On April 30, 1877 he submitted a sealed envelope containing a letter to the Academy of Sciences in Paris explaining his proposed method. The letter was read in public on the 3rd December following. In his letter, after having shown that his method consisted of obtaining an oscillation of a membrane and using the tracing to reproduce the same oscillation, having regard for its duration and intensity Cros added that the cylindrical form of the receiving apparatus seemed to him to be the most practical, as it allowed for the graphic inscription of the vibrations by means of a very fine wormed screw. An article on the Paleophone was published in "la semaine du Clergé" on October 10th, written by l'Abbé Leblanc. Cros proposed metal for both engraving tool attached to the diagraphm and receiving material for durability.

Before Cros had a chance to follow up on this idea or attempt to construct a working model, Thomas Alva Edison introduced his first working phonograph in the USA. Edison used a cylinder covered in tinfoil for his first phonograph, patenting this method for reproducing sound on January 15, 1878. Edison and Cros apparently did not know of each other's work in advance.

Cros was convinced that pinpoints of light observed on Mars and Venus (probably high clouds illuminated by the sun, were the lights of large cities on those planets. He spent years petitioning for the French government to build a giant mirror that could be used to communicate with the martians and selenites by burning giant lines on the deserts of those planets. He was never convinced that the martians were not a proven fact, nor that mirror he wanted was technically impossible to build. [1]

Charles Cros died in Paris.

L'Académie Charles Cros, the French equivalent of the US Recording Academy, is named in his honor

improved methods of photography including an early color photo process. He also invented improvements in telegraph technology.

He is perhaps most famous as the man who almost, but not quite, invented the phonograph. No one before M. Charles Cros had thought of reproducing sound by making an apparatus capable of registering and reproducing sounds which had been engraved with a diagraphm. The inventor gave the name of Paleophone (voix du passé) to his invention. On April 30, 1877 he submitted a sealed envelope containing a letter to the Academy of Sciences in Paris explaining his proposed method. The letter was read in public on the 3rd December following. In his letter, after having shown that his method consisted of obtaining an oscillation of a membrane and using the tracing to reproduce the same oscillation, having regard for its duration and intensity Cros added that the cylindrical form of the receiving apparatus seemed to him to be the most practical, as it allowed for the graphic inscription of the vibrations by means of a very fine wormed screw. An article on the Paleophone was published in "la semaine du Clergé" on October 10th, written by l'Abbé Leblanc. Cros proposed metal for both engraving tool attached to the diagraphm and receiving material for durability.

Before Cros had a chance to follow up on this idea or attempt to construct a working model, Thomas Alva Edison introduced his first working phonograph in the USA. Edison used a cylinder covered in tinfoil for his first phonograph, patenting this method for reproducing sound on January 15, 1878. Edison and Cros apparently did not know of each other's work in advance.

Cros was convinced that pinpoints of light observed on Mars and Venus (probably high clouds illuminated by the sun, were the lights of large cities on those planets. He spent years petitioning for the French government to build a giant mirror that could be used to communicate with the martians and selenites by burning giant lines on the deserts of those planets. He was never convinced that the martians were not a proven fact, nor that mirror he wanted was technically impossible to build. [1]

Charles Cros died in Paris.

L'Académie Charles Cros, the French equivalent of the US Recording Academy, is named in his honor

August 31, 1863, Murom – September 27, 1944 He devoted his career to the advancement of photography. Prokudin-Gorsky was born in Murom in what is now Vladimir Oblast, Russia and educated as a c chemist.[1] He studied with renowned scientists in St. Petersburg, Berlin, and Paris, and developed early techniques for taking color photographs.
His own original research yielded patents for producing color film slides and for projecting color motion pictures. Around 1905, Prokudin-Gorsky envisioned and formulated a plan to use the emerging technological advancements that had been made in color photography to systematically document the Russian Empire. Through such an ambitious project, his ultimate goal was to educate the schoolchildren of Russia with his "optical color projections" of the vast and diverse history, culture, and modernization of the empire.

His process used a camera that took a series of monochrome pictures in rapid sequence, each through a different colored filter. By projecting all three monochrome pictures using correctly-colored light, it was possible to reconstruct the original color scene. Any stray movement within the camera's field of view showed up in the prints as multiple "ghosted" images, since the red, green and blue images were taken of the subject at slightly different times.

He also successfully experimented with making color prints of the photographs, but the process was complicated and slow. It was only with the advent of digital image processing that the images could be satisfactorily combined into one
Outfitted with a specially equipped railroad car darkroom provided by Tsar Nicholas II, and in possession of two permits that granted him access to restricted areas and cooperation from the empire's bureaucracy, Prokudin-Gorsky documented the Russian Empire around 1909 through 1915. He conducted many illustrated lectures of his work. Prokudin-Gorsky left Russia in 1918, after the Russian Revolution, and eventually settled in Paris, where he died in 1944.
His photographs offer a vivid portrait of a lost world—the Russian Empire on the eve of World War I and the coming Russian revolution. His subjects ranged from the medieval churches and monasteries of old Russia, to the railroads and factories of an emerging industrial power, to the daily life and work of Russia's diverse population.
Prokudin-Gorsky left Russia in 1918, going first to Norway and England before settling in France. By then, the tsar and his family had been executed during the Russian Revolution, and the Communist rule had been established over what was once the Russian Empire. His unique images of Russia on the eve of the revolution—recorded on glass plates—were purchased by the United States' Library of Congress in 1948 from his heirs.

Фотограф царя:
Сергей Михайлович Прокудин-Горский

Фотографии Сергея Михайловича Прокудина–Горского (1863-1944) предлагают живой портрет потерянного мира – Российской Империи накануне Первой мировой войны и надвигающейся революции. Сюда входят изображения от средневековых церквей и монастырей старой России до железных дорог и фабрик растущей промышленной державы и повседневной жизни и работы разнообразного населения России.
В начале 1900–х годов Прокудин–Горский разработал смелый план провести фотообзор Российской Империи, который получил поддержку царя Николая II. В период между 1909 и 1912 годами, а затем в 1915 году, он провел обзор одиннадцати регионов, путешествуя в специально оборудованном железнодорожном вагоне, предоставленном ему Министерством путей сообщения.
Прокудин–Горский уехал из России в1918 году, сначала в Норвегию и Англию, а потом окончательно во Францию. К тому времени царь и его семья были растреляны, а империя, которую Прокудин–Горский так тщательно запечатлел, была уничтожена. Его уникальные изображения России накануне революции – сделанные на стеклянных негативах – были куплены у его наследников Библиотекой Конгресса в 1948 году. Для данной выставки стеклянные пластинки были отсканированы, и в результате применения нового процесса цифровой хроматографии были получены яркие цветные изображения.

Прокудин–Горский родился во Владимире в 1863 году и по образованию был химиком. Всю свою деятельность он посвятил развитию фотографии. Он учился у известных ученых в Санкт–Петербурге, Берлине и Париже. В результате своих оригинальных исследований Прокудин–Горский получил патенты на производство цветных диапозитивов и проектирование цветных фильмов. В 1908 году Прокудин– Горский задумал и разработал план использования новых технологических достижений, сделанных в цветной фотографии, для систематической фотодокументации Российской Империи. Хотя этот проект казался очень смелым, конечной целью Прокудина–Горского было ознакомление школьников России с огромной и разнообразной историей, культурой и модернизацией Империи при помощи его «оптических цветных проекций». Получив в распоряжение от царя Николая II специально оборудованный железнодорожный вагон с темной комнатой и имея на руках два разрешения, обеспечивающих ему доступ в запретные зоны и содействие со стороны бюрократических кругов Империи, Прокудин–Горский провел фотообзор Российской Империи с 1907 по 1915 год и прочитал много лекций, иллюстрируя свою работу. Прокудин–Горский уехал из России в 1918 году после революции в России и окончательно поселился в Париже, где умер в 1944 году.

chemist.[1] He studied with renowned scientists in St. Petersburg, Berlin, and Paris, and developed early techniques for taking color photographs.
His own original research yielded patents for producing color film slides and for projecting color motion pictures. Around 1905, Prokudin-Gorsky envisioned and formulated a plan to use the emerging technological advancements that had been made in color photography to systematically document the Russian Empire. Through such an ambitious project, his ultimate goal was to educate the schoolchildren of Russia with his "optical color projections" of the vast and diverse history, culture, and modernization of the empire.

His process used a camera that took a series of monochrome pictures in rapid sequence, each through a different colored filter. By projecting all three monochrome pictures using correctly-colored light, it was possible to reconstruct the original color scene. Any stray movement within the camera's field of view showed up in the prints as multiple "ghosted" images, since the red, green and blue images were taken of the subject at slightly different times.

He also successfully experimented with making color prints of the photographs, but the process was complicated and slow. It was only with the advent of digital image processing that the images could be satisfactorily combined into one
Outfitted with a specially equipped railroad car darkroom provided by Tsar Nicholas II, and in possession of two permits that granted him access to restricted areas and cooperation from the empire's bureaucracy, Prokudin-Gorsky documented the Russian Empire around 1909 through 1915. He conducted many illustrated lectures of his work. Prokudin-Gorsky left Russia in 1918, after the Russian Revolution, and eventually settled in Paris, where he died in 1944.
His photographs offer a vivid portrait of a lost world—the Russian Empire on the eve of World War I and the coming Russian revolution. His subjects ranged from the medieval churches and monasteries of old Russia, to the railroads and factories of an emerging industrial power, to the daily life and work of Russia's diverse population.
Prokudin-Gorsky left Russia in 1918, going first to Norway and England before settling in France. By then, the tsar and his family had been executed during the Russian Revolution, and the Communist rule had been established over what was once the Russian Empire. His unique images of Russia on the eve of the revolution—recorded on glass plates—were purchased by the United States' Library of Congress in 1948 from his heirs.

Фотограф царя:
Сергей Михайлович Прокудин-Горский

Фотографии Сергея Михайловича Прокудина–Горского (1863-1944) предлагают живой портрет потерянного мира – Российской Империи накануне Первой мировой войны и надвигающейся революции. Сюда входят изображения от средневековых церквей и монастырей старой России до железных дорог и фабрик растущей промышленной державы и повседневной жизни и работы разнообразного населения России.
В начале 1900–х годов Прокудин–Горский разработал смелый план провести фотообзор Российской Империи, который получил поддержку царя Николая II. В период между 1909 и 1912 годами, а затем в 1915 году, он провел обзор одиннадцати регионов, путешествуя в специально оборудованном железнодорожном вагоне, предоставленном ему Министерством путей сообщения.
Прокудин–Горский уехал из России в1918 году, сначала в Норвегию и Англию, а потом окончательно во Францию. К тому времени царь и его семья были растреляны, а империя, которую Прокудин–Горский так тщательно запечатлел, была уничтожена. Его уникальные изображения России накануне революции – сделанные на стеклянных негативах – были куплены у его наследников Библиотекой Конгресса в 1948 году. Для данной выставки стеклянные пластинки были отсканированы, и в результате применения нового процесса цифровой хроматографии были получены яркие цветные изображения.

Прокудин–Горский родился во Владимире в 1863 году и по образованию был химиком. Всю свою деятельность он посвятил развитию фотографии. Он учился у известных ученых в Санкт–Петербурге, Берлине и Париже. В результате своих оригинальных исследований Прокудин–Горский получил патенты на производство цветных диапозитивов и проектирование цветных фильмов. В 1908 году Прокудин– Горский задумал и разработал план использования новых технологических достижений, сделанных в цветной фотографии, для систематической фотодокументации Российской Империи. Хотя этот проект казался очень смелым, конечной целью Прокудина–Горского было ознакомление школьников России с огромной и разнообразной историей, культурой и модернизацией Империи при помощи его «оптических цветных проекций». Получив в распоряжение от царя Николая II специально оборудованный железнодорожный вагон с темной комнатой и имея на руках два разрешения, обеспечивающих ему доступ в запретные зоны и содействие со стороны бюрократических кругов Империи, Прокудин–Горский провел фотообзор Российской Империи с 1907 по 1915 год и прочитал много лекций, иллюстрируя свою работу. Прокудин–Горский уехал из России в 1918 году после революции в России и окончательно поселился в Париже, где умер в 1944 году.

World War I.... who would have thought there were original color photos of WWI?